第一章 绪论
Chapter 1 Introduction to Nursing
Nursing is an art and a science involving multidisciplinary knowledge. Nursing is an applied science which addresses nursing theories, knowledge and skills related to health maintenance, health promotion and recovery of man's physical and mental health. The scopes, contents and tasks of nursing study cover such areas as physical, psychological and social issues that influence the human being, through which the objects of nursing study are viewed as a whole and its essence and development laws are also revealed.
第一节 护理学发展史
Section 1 Historical Perspectives of Nursing
护理和护理学的发展与人类的生存繁衍,社会的文明进步息息相关,与科学技术的进步和发展亦步亦趋.
一,护理学的各个历史阶段
(一)人类早期护理 (Nursing in Early Civilization)
In ancient civilization, human believed that illness had supernatural causes, and thus treatment often involved superstitious and magical cures. The theory of animism was developed in an attempt to understand the cause of the changes in bodily functions. This theory was based on the belief that everything in nature was alive with invisible forces and endowed with power. Good spirits brought health; evil spirits brought sickness and death.
自有人类始就有了护理,只不过人们并没有护理的自觉意识而完全是一种生存的自发本能. 人类早期护理的特点是:
自我护理,家庭护理(self-care,family care)
医护不分(nursing is not distinct from medicine)
与迷信活动联系在一起,如巫医,符咒等治疗疾病.(not separated from superstition)
(二)中世纪护理 (476～1640)(Nursing in Middle Ages)
Religion played a significant role in the development of nursing. With the beginning of Christianity, nursing began to have a formal and more clearly defined role. Nurses delivered custodial care and depended on physicians or priests for direction. Nurse midwifery, one of the oldest nursing roles, flourished during the Middle Ages. Since1413, as the Christian church grew, more hospitals were built, which were specialized institutions providing care for orphans, widows, the aged, sick, and poor.
特点:宗教护理 医院护理(from Christianity nursing to care in hospitals)

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